Can I Get Expelled For Getting Help In College For Writing Papers?

Can I Get Expelled For Getting Help In College For Writing Papers?Can I get expelled for getting help in college for writing papers? This is a question you will be asked more often than you would think. Well the answer is yes you can and this is because college students are teenagers that have a need to be self-assured and are looking for the best way to show their intelligence. Unfortunately they are also susceptible to peer pressure and so they will not be able to control their impulse to write a paper in class when they have not done so before and are on the verge of doing a paper or homework assignment they have not done before.If this is a situation that you are dealing with then you need to be very careful that your parents and teachers are on your side when it comes to getting help in college for writing papers. Your parents want to be sure that you are doing everything you can to help yourself out in school and to avoid getting a reputation for getting bad grades. As the pare nt, you have to come to grips with the fact that some students can get an F on their homework and you have to make sure you stand up for your child because if you do they will see that you as the parent are not weak.There are some things that you can do to avoid getting expelled from college. Of course you will not completely get expelled but you can avoid doing papers that could get you in trouble with your parents.Should you be asked to help your friend with a paper they have not written you can look into getting help in college for writing papers. This will mean that you can use your own writing skills to help them with their project. Of course when it comes to helping your friend with a paper you should keep in mind that when it comes to doing this with your own writing skills you should take steps to make your work look good.You should read up on how to improve your writing skills and what to look for when it comes to how to be a good writer. You can read up on different style guides for writing and also look into creating your own writing style guide. Some good tips that you can use for your own writing style guide include:- Creating a good outline for your writing projects and making a note of the main ideas and features of your writing project. When you do this you will be able to know what to write about without having to retell what has already been written.- An important tip that will help you get rid of your phobia about writing papers is to always write about something that you know. Write about things that you are familiar with and make sure that you use the proper spelling and punctuation. These are important things that you need to know about when it comes to writing papers and you can get help in college for writing papers by reading more information about these topics.- Do not forget to do your research before you write a paper and make sure that you understand the basics of what the topic of the paper will be about. Once you are comfortable with this then you can begin to do your homework on the topic and begin to think about ways to improve your writing skills.

Essay Topic List - Tips For Writing-Essay Topics

Essay Topic List - Tips For Writing-Essay TopicsWhen you are trying to put together a basic essay topic list, you have to realize that the topics that will work best for you are the ones that you can genuinely be passionate about. If you find yourself being very passionate about something, it is likely that you will find yourself writing well.The truth is that you should also try to avoid anything that makes you think that you know everything about your subject. If you find yourself writing the entire thing with a vision of becoming the next best writer in the world, then you probably shouldn't be trying to write a simple essay topic.As you go through your research, take a look at what you enjoy most about the topic. Once you find that, then you can really focus on that instead of worrying about what you are going to say. If you find you are unable to find something that interests you about the topic, then you may have to refocus your attention on something else.It is also important that you start off with an essay topics list of some kind. This will give you the ability to look at things that you may not have looked at before. And this way, you will be able to write more concisely and with a more focused purpose.It can also help you get a clearer picture of the real world. You might be wondering about something and you may not even realize it. A good way to find out is to do a little research so that you can also make it easy for yourself when you are writing.It also helps if you find an article database where you can include your essay topics. This way, you will have a directory that can help you see how much research you have done and where you can find related information. Sometimes, these sites can also help you build a portfolio of articles that can be used for networking purposes.It is important that you keep all of these things in mind when you are doing your essay topics. Once you have the basic idea of what you want to talk about, you will be able to go into it with the best knowledge you have. With a little research, you will find that your easy writing will be easier than ever before.

The Old Man and the Sea Essay - 526 Words

The Old Man and the Sea In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway there are two characters who have a great friendship, the old man and the young boy. The old man has been fishing for many years and for the last eighty-four days has not caught a fish. Now the boy who looks up to him is not allowed to fish with him anymore. This boy looks up to the old man as a hero because the old man shows courage, perseverance, and respect. The old man shows courage just by going out all alone everyday and still fishing at his age. Although he showed the most courage when he had to fight the big fish. He could have let the fish go, by cutting the line, but instead the old man was willing to die trying to catch it. â€Å"He had seen many that†¦show more content†¦However, if he lost his courage, then he would be done for and would never see the fish again. Not only does the old man show courage but he also shows perseverance. This man went eighty-four days without catching a fish. Yet he woke up every morning, way before dawn and get ready for a day of fishing. He knew that if he stuck with it, then his perseverance would pay off in the long run. Ever as he’s fighting the fish he shows perseverance. â€Å"Fish he said softly, aloud â€Å"I’ll stay with you until I die†Ã¢â‚¬ (52) This shows that he was in for the fight of his life and that he was willing for his life to end before giving up. And in the end his perseverance pays off and he finally gets the fish to the boat. The boy also looks up to the old man because of the old mans respect. He has respect for everything and everyone. He respects the boy by treating him like a son, the fish by realizing the beaut y of it, and him self by not giving up on trying to catch the fish. â€Å"You are killing me fish, the old man thought. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer, more noble thing than you, brother,†(92). This shows the respect and the lover that the old man has for the fish and all things. The old man is a hero to the young boy for all of these reasons. The young boy loves the old man and helps him by carrying stuff for him, getting him bait, andShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded t he Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings instituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty

Management Principles of Tesco Plc Free Sample

Questions: Task 1Briefly explain: manager, management and organisation. Assess the significance of managers in achieving organisational success for a company of your own choice.Task 2Analyse how size and strategy of a company can affect its organisational structure? Support your answer with relevant examples.Task 3Scenario:Tesco has said it will close 43 unprofitable stores across the UK, The firm is also shelving plans to open a further 49 new "very large" stores. Additionally, Tesco is closing its staff pension scheme, will make cuts of 250m and reduce overheads by 30%. Shares in Tesco rose by more than 13% on Thursday, as investors welcomed the company's announcements. It comes after two years of troubles at Tesco, which has suffered falling sales, in another development, credit rating agency Moody's downgraded Tesco's rating by one notch to Ba1, equivalent to "junk" status. (BBC, 2015)Questionsa) Discuss Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy.b) Suggest and explain the proces s that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy for the year 2015. c) What do you understand by the term organisational culture? Can Tesco improve its performance by changing its culture? Discuss. Answers: Introduction In the contemporary business scenario, management and management play an important role in shaping up the organizations. The chosen company for the study is Tesco Plc, which is one of the largest retail chains in UK (Hall, 2011). The study will focus on the management and strategy used by the company in order to sustain in the competitive market. Task 1: Manager, management and organizations Tesco manager is very much experience and is qualified in the specific area. Manager of the Tesco uses participative form of leadership in order to maintain the long-term relationship with the employee. Manager of Tesco are coming are very much using the two-way communication process in order while decision-making (Douglas and Craig, 2014). Manager of Tesco is very much believed in the taking feedback and listening to the grievances of the employees. Tesco manager uses the 360-degree appraisals system to assess the actual performance of the employees (Dick and Basu, 2007). The normal appraisals salary and promotion is based on the performance of the employee and their knowledge and expertise in their work. Management of Tesco very much are employee friendly are created the positive atmosphere at the workplace. Nature of management of Tesco suggests that, manager of the company consent process. With the help of implementation of reward system, company has the bale to achieve its organization goals and its vision (Tesco.com, 2015). Company operates in very dynamic market where the practical evidences are used to achieve the right kind of exposure. Figure 1: Organization levels in Tesco (Source: Doyle and Stern, 2006, pp-334) One of the major objectives of the Tesco management is to bring the co-ordination among the employees. Another major goal of the management is to maintain the equality and customer satisfaction level. Management of Tesco follows the strategy t that has been made by the administrative level of the organizations (Drummond et al. 2012). In this case, it will be board of directors and CEO. The management Tesco executes the planning and controlling to achieve the objectives of the organizations. For instance, `management Tesco are very much among and control the human resources , recruitment and section , legal concern etc, at operational aspects , controlling and planning the operations , making the working schedule via Gantt chart and finally, leading the team delegation the authority and budgeting, etc. are some of the major roles that have been played by the Tesco management. In order to achieve the goals and objective of the Tesco, manager of Tesco uses motivational factors; follow the group dynamics rather than praising the individual intelligence and use two-way communications which resolve the issue of the conflict and divergence within the employee (Henry, 2008). Company uses feedback in order to enhance the creativity and innovation among the employees that help them to gain the large customer base. Task 2: Impact of Size and strategy of the Tesco affects its organizational structure The larger would be the organization larger would become the structure of the organizations. Since the Tesco was established in the year 1919 by the Jack Cohen in London. At that point, Tesco operates with only two stores with few employees and has headquartered in Chestnut Herefordshire (Tesco.com, 2015). The Tesco structure was two Manager, 12 employees, and the one CEO. The structure of the company in 1919 was very much small and simple. Figure 2: Tesco structure during the year 1924 (Source: Henry, 2008, pp-334) From the above, it can be found out that, Tesco has a simple structure which specifies that the operation and legal work are done by one personnel during those days. Most of all at Tesco came into brand at 1924 where the brand was then called TES (Ho and Tang, 2009). The first Tesco brand came into force during the in 1929 at Middlesex. Since then there was no locking back. With the rise of the name and fame Tesco structure and size has been changed with a large amount of market share in the UK market and global recognize at third place is one of the major change since 19256. Figure 2: Tesco current management structure (Source: Eesley and Lenox, 2006, pp-234) Since 1919, company has also changed its strategies to stay in top position in the market. UK super market Market share % , 2014 Tesco 29% Asda 17.4% Sainsbury 16% Morrison 10.9% Waitrose 6.4% MS 5.1% Graph 1: Market share of Tesco (Source: Douglas and Craig, 2014, pp-445) Some of the major business strategy used by the Tesco since 1919 that has affected the company structure and it has now become more global and more of the complicated. -Penetration pricings strategies -Introduction of loyalty card -Expansion of market in EU and US with more than 200 stores. -diversifying its business (grocery to banks to insurance to telecommunications) - Cost leadership strategy in order to reduce the competitors After the diversification of the business, Tesco has now become one of the top global business houses of UK. It revenue has now become more than 63 billion as per its annual report of 2014 (Tesco.com, 2015). With diversification, company has been able to create large customer base and also has become giant in its size and structure. Figure 4: Tesco Diversified business structure (Source: Dentchev, 2009, pp-122) Top five global retail companies Sales (Amount, 000) Wal-Mart $256.3 Carrefour $70.5 Ahold $56.1 Tesco $46.2 Kroger $44.2 Graph 2: Top five global retailer (Source: Cool and Schendel, 2010, pp-443) Task 3: Tesco case scenario 3a. Tesco current mission, visions and corporate strategy Vision: To be known as one of the high-value services given to the customers, communities along with maintaining the loyalty of the customer, employees, and shareholders. Tesco vision statement depicts that, company wanted to provide the value products and services to its customer via right set of prices and on time service. Apart from that, the vision of the company gives the lots of opportunities to grow and expand its self in global manner by customizing its products as per the demand of the customer base (Bingham and Eisenhardt, 2011). The visions of the company also state that, employees are strengths of the company and use various facilities and motivational skill to improve its employee's skills. Lastly, community's consideration would relate to the use of the recyclables able products and Ban of plastics. Mission: - offering value for money products and services with low price in the present market -Consistently keep the tab of customer demand and customizes and innovating its products in terms of quality, availability and choices (Tesco.com, 2015). -Introducing new talents and hiring the skills of the supplier who would help the employees for equal opportunities. Corporate strategy -Global presence of business -Creativity and innovations in its approach (Tesco.com, 2015) -Creating the loyalty among the customer base and communities -Establishing the multichannel shop for customers 3b: Suggestion for formulation of corporate strategy in 2015 Multi-channel presence in the market: Multi-channel here indicates the channel where the company will be introducing its products and services. Social media platform and online business have already been introduced by the company in order to cater the large customer base. With mobile app would bring the down the store in hand. Mobile app will help the Tesco to build its brand more in an international market as the internet, and mobile user has been increased by 41.3% and 89.03% in UK. Multi-channel distribution will make the first leader introduce in the market. Mobile will help to creates lots of traffic which would again create the long-term relationship with the customer in the global manner (Bingham and Eisenhardt, 2011). Customer behavior are been changing, and their expectation and demands are been changing which is why mobile app will help the customer to remain connected with the company even if they don't have laptop or computers. Reducing the diversifications: Company is looking to reduce diversifications this year by closing most of its sick units. In order to do so company is changing its policy which will help them to increase their profitability that has been decreased due to a large part of sick units (Chesbrough, 2009). Apart from that, company is looking to reduce its diversification in business by not introducing its ice cream products in the market because of too much of diversification has affected the company with higher loss. Promoting the locally farmed products: With the help of locally made fresh products will give the Tesco to cater the all income group and help to achieve the cost leadership strategies in the UK. Local farm products will give the company to create value pricing strategies which will boost the confidence of the customers who shift their gear from the small retail companies like Aldi and Lidl (Collis, 2010). Local farm products give the company to reduce the costing of its set of brands in compared top another brand which will boost the sales of the company in near future. Introducing the insurance policy on electronic products: By introducing the electronic products like mobile, washing, machine of kitchen chimney with free insurance facility will boost up the sale of the company. Insurance packages are one of the best techniques to attract the customer but the Tesco tech support products. Free insurance and after sales services will help to boost the sales of the company in near future (Cool and Schendel, 2010). 3c. Organization culture of Tesco Cross culture management help to understand that, how the national culture of the certain impact on the management practices. Cross culture management helps to identify the similarity and difference as per the cultures which are current counting in the current management practices (Henry, 2008). Cross culture also gives the enough scope to increase the effectiveness of global management practices. Tesco can improve its global performance of its companies by introducing the cross-culture environment within its organizations. Cross culture management enhances the personal competence of the employees that leads to horns their skill, self-improvement, and tolerance power to resolve the issues or conflicts within the organizations. The importance of the global culture competence is one of the major success factors for the international companies in the current business scenario (Drummond et al. 2012). With more knowledge and information about the hosting nations of work culture and environment, the lesser would be cultural differences that will lead the company to successfully root their business in various nations. The cross culture helps to build the professional skills of the existing employees and their behavior which helps the international organization to reduce and resolve the conflicts (Hall, 2011). The cross-culture environment will be the positivity among the employees which will lead the company to gain the large customer base because of global culture presence within the store. Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that, size and strategy have changed the organization structure of Tesco since 1919. Manager of Tesco uses the participative for of leadership in order to achieve its goals. Apart from that, Tesco has been able to create high market share because of the changing strategy and its approach. Lastly, Cross culture environment is one of the most influential way to emulate the global environment within the organizations. Reference List Books Doyle, P., and Stern, P., (2006). Marketing Management and Strategy, 7th ed. Hoboken N.J: Wiley. Drummond, G., Ensor, J. and Ashford, R. (2012) Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control, 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan Henry, A. (2008) Understanding Strategic Management - Page 51, 5th ed. New Delhi: Global Indian Publications Ltd. Journals Bingham, C. B. and Eisenhardt, K. M. (2011) Rational heuristics: the simple rules that strategists learn from process experience, Strategic Management Journal, 32, pp. 14371464. Chesbrough, H. W. (2009) Business model innovation: Its not just about technology anymore. Strategy and Leadership, 35: 12-17. Collis, D. J. (2010) "A resource-based analysis of global competition: The case of the bearings industry." Strategic Management Journal, 12, 49-68. Cool, K. and Schendel, D. (2010) 'Performance differences among strategic group members', Strategic Management Journal, 9(3) , pp. 207-223. Dentchev, N. (2009) Corporate Social Performance as a Business Strategy, Journal of Business Ethics, 55(4), pg. 397 412, Dick, A. S. and Basu, K. (2007) Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 99113. Douglas, S. P. and Craig, C. S. (2014) "Evolution of global marketing strategy: scale, scope and synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24(3), pp. 47-59. Eesley, C. and Lenox, M. J. (2006) Firm responses to secondary stakeholder action, Strategic Management Journal, 27(8), 765781 Hall, R. (2011) "The strategic analysis of intangible resources" Strategic Management Journal, 13, 135-144. Ho, T.H. and Tang, C.S. (2009) Introduction to the special issue on marketing and operations management interfaces and coordination. Production and Operations Management 18 (4), 363364 Websites Tesco.com, (2015). Tesco.com - online shopping; bringing the supermarket to you - Every little helps. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015].

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Example

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Student ID: 12062298D Student Name: Lau Tsz Ling Argument: Transformational leadership is positively related to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Introduction Choosing a good leading approach is critical for a leader to succeed in leading a team in order to achieve team’s goal. Transformational leadership is one of the recommendable leadership theories for leaders to follow for motivating followers to accomplish more than what they have planned through various ways. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a ladder for followers to participate more and it is believed that transformational leadership can enhance the degree of OCB, but mostly through an indirect way, by influencing job satisfactions and organizational commitment and thus OCB. This essay first focuses on how transformational leadership affect followers’ behavior. The second part will be the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfactions and organizational commitment. Finally, I will come into the indirectly effect of transformational leadership on OCB through job satisfaction and organizational commitment, by using Perceived organizational Support, Equity theory and Social-Exchange Theory for explaination. Transformational leadership According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership is a process that tries to move the consciousness of followers up through appealing to higher ideals and values. Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leader can make followers to pay more attention to consider the task outcomes value, act for the goal of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, it can also motivate the followers to put extra effort like putting high level goals instead of performing the minimum requirements of their work. There are 4 main factors suggests by Bass (1985) on transformational leadership. They are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. The first factor, idealized influence, refers to the perception and action that followers toward leader (Bass,1985). If a leader act as a role model for the followers, they can be more easily to gain trust and respect from followers. The second factor is inspirational motivation. It means the articulation of a leader’s vision which appeal and inspire followers (Berson, Shamir, Avolio Popper, 2001). The third factor, Individual consideration is that â€Å"assignment are delegated to followers to provide learning opportunites† (Williams, Pollai, Schriesheim, 1999:898). The last factor, intellectual stimulation, means that leader stimulate followers’ creativity in order to think in various ways so as to increase productivity. Organizational Citizenship Bahavior (OCB) Organ (1988) defines OCB as behavior of workers which is discretionary and excess their basic job requirements. This behavior is beneficial to organization. OCB is excluded from formally defined role prescriptions. Hence, it is hard for managers to reward employees who perform OCB and punish who does not perform (Moorman and Blakely, 1995). In aggregate, contributions from OCB enhance the effectiveness of organizational functioning. Therefore, it is the main concern of managers what they can do to make the employees carry out OCB. Organizational Commitment (OC) Allen and Meyer(1991) constructs a three-component model about OC. They are affective commitment, calculative commitment and normative commitment. Meyer and Allen(1991) proposes that affective commitment is the emotional attachment of individual to the organization with identification . Calculative commitment is defined as the need for an employee to stay in an organization due to their investment put and sunk costs. Normative commitment refers to the obligation of employees to remain in the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). In some meta-analyses (Organ and Ryan,1995) (Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, Topolnytsky, 2002), they find that there is a positively relationship between affective and normative commitment and OCB, whereas no relationship between continuance commitment and OCB. In the following study, I will mainly focus on the effect of affective and normative commitment on OCB only. Job Satisfaction Locke (1976,p. 1300) defined job satisfaction as â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences†. If employees feel success, gain joyful from their job, higher job satisfaction is resulted. In the following paragraphs, I am going to have a look on how transformational leadership is positively influencing Job satisfaction and commitment. Transformational leadership and Organizational Commitment Followers’ organizational commitment can be easily influenced by practicing transformational leadership. For example, helping followers in solving problems on their works, getting help in making decision when they face difficulties in choosing choice, caring their needs so as to develop their potential skills, creating a common goal among leaders and followers as well as highlighting the importance of each followers in achieving goals (Avolio, Zhu, Koh, Bhatia, 2004; Shamir, House, Arther,1993; Shamir, Zakay, Breinin, Popper, 1998). Followers will then feel being supported, self-esteem is elevated and adjust themselves to get into the same vision with leaders (Kent,2001). Finally, followers will pay back the leader’s effort by putting higher commitment. The above relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment is supported by the Avolio and his colleagues’ study(2004). They carried out the study in a large public hospital in Singapore and invited 520 staff nurses to participate. The result shows that transformational leadership is positively associated with organizational commitment through studying followers’ level of empowerment and structural distance. Although different level of empowerment and structural distance will influence the degree of organizational commitment, there is still a positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. From another study done by Emery Barker(2007), which includes participates from banking and food industry, also find out that transformational leadership is positively correlated to organizational commitment and the level of commitment is higher than those follow transactional leader. Transformational leadership and Job satisfaction Cohrs, Abele, Dette (2006) suggest that one of the major determinants of job satisfaction is leadership and transformational leadership is one of it (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Morrman, Fetter,1990). By practicing transformational leadership, leaders can instruct a sense of mission and intellectual stimulation. (Bass,1985). Leaders can also know the needs and aspirations of followers so as to give them personal attention. Followers’ confidence, motivation and effectiveness can then be increased (WalumbwaKuchinke, 1999). Besides, Avolio and Bass (1995) believe that transformational leaders can build trust and respect with followers by giving individualized attention. When followers feel they have received the special attention from leaders, they are more willing to work harder to meet their expectations and longer-term goals. Job satisfaction is then increased. Walumbwa and his colleagues’ (2005) has carried out a study on whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. They have asked the participants, who are tellers and clerks form five banks in United States and seven foreign and local banks in Kenya to rate 3 items managers’ leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result shows that transformational leadership is related to both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Emery and Barker(2007) also take study on customer contact personnel. It also shows that transformational leadership can increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In Avolio, Bass and their colleagues’ (2004) research also shows that transformational leadership is connected with work-related behaviors and attitudes, including job satisfaction. From the above empirical studys and analyses, it is worth to believe there is a positively association between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The above analyses and studies show out the positive relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. In the following paragraph, I am going to show out how job satisfaction and organizational commitment act as mediator between transformational leadership and OCB. Organizational commitment Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational commitment is a multidimensional concept and I am going to use affective and normative commitment to be the mediator between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. When employee feel being cared, supported from their leader, higher affective commitment is resulted. One of the reason behind may be both are mainly related to emotion. As giving care and support is one part of the transformational leadership, the degree of affective commitment can be increased. With a stronger affective commitment, employees are more willing to work and put more effort in achieving organizational goal. Besides, affective commitment can influence employees’ attention between the connection between their work performance and the organizational objective. They will have more evaluation on their own performance and how much their contribution is related to the success of achieving goal is. Increase in the degree of affective commitment will also increase the contribution from employees. With higher affective commitment, they have higher motivation to work and not only perform in-role performance i. e. their basic job requirement, but also the extra-role, for example, introduce the organizational structure and normal operations to the new employees which is included as OCB. This obligation can be created by the training provided from the organization and the interaction between leader and followers. When transformational leader provide idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation to his/her followers, normative commitment of followers will be enhanced. This can be explained by Perceived Organizational Support(Elisenberger et al,2002) and Equity Theory(Adam,1965). According to Perceived Organizational Support (Elisenberger et al,2002), employees who have received high extent of attention, trust and support will reciprocate the organization with better performance. Referring to the Equity theory, Adam(1965) suggests that employee who enjoys superior treatment from the organization after compared with others’ treatment will try to improve their work quality and productivity as return to leader or organization. However, the work outcomes are not singly determined by one’s effort. As a result, employee will render the care and support by OCB. Therefore, with higher level of both affective commitment and normative commitment, higher degree of OCB is resulted. The positively correlation between OCB and affective commitment and normative commitment are supported by several study. Meyer and Hersocovitch(2001) claims that OCB is a consequences of OC. Besides, a positive relationship between affective and OCB is supported by O’Reilly and Chatman(1986) study. Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch and Topolnytsky’s research(2002) also find that affective and normative commitment is positively connected to OCB. In Snape, Chan and Redman(2006) study, it shows that increase in degree of organizational commitment will increase the level of OCB. Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior When transformational leaders help employees to solve problem, stimulate them to develop their potential, provide care and support to the followers’ needs, they will have a higher motivation to work and logically a better performance. Gaining the feeling of success from job will then increase their job satisfaction. Williams and Anderson(1991) said that one of the most important predictors of OCB is job satisfaction and there is a strong positive relationship between them. In other words, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the motivation and the better the work performance is. Griffith(2003) suggests that employees with higher job satisfaction will have a higher evaluation about the organization. They are more willing to help others and do more than what they are required to do, i. e. performing extra-role performance. Besides, in order to reciprocate the organization as employees find satisfaction from their job, employees are more willing to commit themselves to the organization, resulting in performing OCB in return. The relationship between job satisfaction and OCB can be explained by Social Exchange Theory (Emerson, 1976). The costs and benefits from work can be both mental and physical. The â€Å"costs† of work can be the time forgone, feeling tired, rap from managers, etc. , whereas the â€Å"benefits† from the job are salaries, success in achieving organizational goals as well as the job satisfaction. When the degree of job satisfaction is high, the benefits will increase and the cost will decrease at the same time. As a result, the â€Å"worth† to work will be increased. In order to repay the worth from work, employees is more easily to perform OCB in exchange. There are several studies and meta-analyses shows that there is a positively relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. The meta-analyses carried out by Organ and Ryan(1995) shows that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Organ and Ryan(1995) makes a study on nurse about the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB and it shows a positive result. The degree of OCB is also positively correlated to job satisfaction (Organ and Lingl, 1995) Conclusion To conclude, I have discussed the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and OCB. As a transformational leader will influence the degree of followers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and the degree of organizational commitment and job satisfaction is also correlated to employees’ willingness of performing OCB, it is worth to believe that transformational leadership can influence OCB indirectly. Although there are many studies and meta-analyses have been carried out to study their relationship, the important thing is to practice it out. Leader should try to become a transformational leader to motivate and encourage their followers. Through the practice, followers will gain support and care. They will then reciprocate the organization by making improvement in both in-role and extra-role (OCB) performance. Finally, organizational efficiency and goals are improved and achieved. References Adams, J. S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 62:335-343. Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. 1990), The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 63: 1-18. Allen, N. J. and Meyer,J. P. (1991), â€Å"A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment†, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 (1):61-89 Avolio, B. J. and Bass, B. M. (1995), -Individual Cons ideration Viewed at Multiple Levels of Analysis: A Multi-Level Framework for Examining the Diffusion of Transformational Leadership? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 6 (2): 199–218. Avolio, B. J. , Bass, B. , Walumbwa, F. , Zhu, W. 2004). MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Technical report, leader form, rater form, and scoring key for MLQ Form 5x-Short (3rd ed. ). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Avolio, B. J. , Zhu, W. , Koh, W. , Bhatia P. (2004), â€Å"Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vio. 25:951-968. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, New York: Harper Row Bass, B. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: The Free Press Berson, Y. , B. Shamir, B. J. Avolio and M. Popper, 2001. The Relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and context. The Leadership Quarterly, 12: 53-73 Cohrs, J. C. , Abele, A. E. and Dette, D. E. (2006), -Integrating Situational and Dispositional Determinants of Job Satisfaction: Findings from Three Samples of Professionals? , The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 140 (4): 363–395. Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. , Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500 –507; Rhoades, L. , Eisenberger, R. 2002.. Emerson, Richard M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 2. PMID  335-362. Emery, C. R, Barker, K. J. (2007), -The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel? , Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Vol. 11 (1): 77-90. Griffiths, B. (2003), â€Å"Do What You Love For The Rest Of Your Life : A Practical Guide To Career Change And Personnal Renewal†, New York : Ballantine. Kent, A. (2001), -Perceived Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behavior: A Case Study in Intercollegiate Athletics? Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 15: 135-159. Locke, E. A. and Henne, D. (1985), â€Å"Job Dissatisfaction: What are the consequences? †, International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 20:221-240 Meyer, J. P. , Allen, N. J(1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1,61-89 Meyer, J. P. and Her scovitch, L. (2001), -Commitment in the Workplace-Toward a General Model? , Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 11: 299-326. Meyer, J. P. , Stanley, D. J. , Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky,L. 2002),†Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences†, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61: 20-52. Moorman, R. H. and Blakely, G. L. (1995), â€Å"Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 16:127-142 OReilly, C. A. and Chatman, J. (1986), Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment; the Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 1: 492- 499. Organ, D. W. (1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. and Lingl, A. (1995), -Person ality, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior? , The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 135 (3): 339-350. Organ D. W. and Ryan,K. (1995), â€Å" A Meta-Analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior†, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 (4): 775-802 Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Moorman, R. H. , and Fetter, R. 1990), -Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers‘ Trust in Leader, Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1(2): 107 -142. Shamir, B. , House, R. J. , ; Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577–594. Shamir, B. , Zakay, E. , Breinin, E. , ; Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: subordinates’ attitudes, unit characteristics and superiors’ appraisal of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387–409. Snape, E. , Chan A. W. , Redman, T. (2006), -Multiple Commitments in the Chinese Context: Testing Compatibility, Cultural, and Moderating Hypotheses? , Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69 (2): 302–314. Walumbwa, F. O. , ; Kuchinke, K. P. (1999, March). HRD faculty as leaders: The application of the full range leadership theory to graduate level HRD instruction. Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development conference, Fairfax, VA. Walumbwa, F. O. , Orwa, B. , Wang, P, Lawler, J. J. 2005), -Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Kenyan and U. S. Financial Firms, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 16 (2): 235-256. Williams, E. S. , Phillai,R. , and Schriesheim, C A (1999), â€Å"Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two Sample Study†, Journal of Management, Vol. 25 (6):897-933 Williams, L. J. and Anderson, S. E. (1991), -Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors? , Journal of Management, Vol. 17 (3): 601-617.

Religion Influence Essays

Religion Influence Essays Religion Influence Essay Religion Influence Essay How does religion influence the way an individual thinks? 2) Why do people, when faced with the same facts, arrive at different moral conclusion? Branden Park J Sem Final Essay A religion is a set of beliefs and practices in reference to a higher divine power that a person follows. Religion is often an important part of the life of its practitioner and therefore one’s thoughts and actions are heavily influenced by it. Religion is a belief system, and it is the basis of what one believes is true or false and on whether something is important or trivial. For example, a conservative Roman Catholic would most likely be against human cloning. In Roman Catholicism, life is regarded as a very important miracle and gift from God, and the creation of human life would be against God’s Will and would offset the balance of nature that God carefully designed. This is opposed to other religions and belief systems such as Scientology or Secular Humanism where the followers of such religions would be more open-minded to issues such as human cloning. A Secular Humanist would argue that the gains human cloning can contribute to the field of medicine would outweigh any moral issue regarding human life and disrupting God’s design of nature. Taking things further we can also consider the conservative followers of Buddhism who have the utmost respect for life in all its forms and who are repulsed by thought of killing any sentient being such as insects and vermin. Followers of Jainism even wear face masks in order to accidentally avoid inhaling and consequently killing insects. This is done because the main doctrine of Jainism is non-violence. It is to be expected that a follower of Jainism would try to avoid aggressions and brutality. Religions affect on human-beings a lot. They influence us in many different ways, and sometimes we have conflicts because of those influences of religions. Some religions tell its believers to not eat meat and only eat vegetables all the time, and the followers of those religions follow the rule obviously. But when other followers of other religions see them not eating meat, they won’t be able to understand, because it doesn’t make any sense for them. So the religions are very affective to our thoughts. But at the same time, it makes our thinking to be concentrated only on that religion. People have different point of views such that when faced with the same facts, it is possible for us to arrive at different moral conclusions, since all of us were grown in different places from different parents. People are brought up in different ways and under a variety of circumstances. There are a number of philosophies, religions and belief systems that people can choose to follow, but this is also a problem, by having many religions ,so that people can choose what to follow, it gives people different teachings and make people to not get along with the followers of other religions. Having a specific system of thought entails corresponding specific behaviors. Religions also has moral codes that come with it The intensity and gravity of an action varies for each person. Similar to how one can find something beautiful and appealing what another person finds ugly and unattractive, what may be moral and acceptable for one person can be immoral and taboo to another. For example for followers of the religion Hinduism and also in many places in India, cattle are sacred. Killing cattle and eating their meat is forbidden and punishable by law. However for people who do not follow the religion Hinduism and who don’t live in India, eating and using products made from cattle is perfectly normal and should not attract extra attention. This is in contrast in India where cattle should always be respected no matter what even if it is inconvenient and impractical already. In fact, there are some special laws and rules in India to protect the welfare of the very important and sacred creatures. The belief of an each human- being brings out a different moral conclusion. They won’t have same thoughts about believing in many gods if person A is a monotheist and person B is a polytheist. For the monotheist, they only believe in one God, whether it is Allah or God, they won’t be able to understand the thoughts of polytheist and they will argue with them that there is only one God, who we have to believe in and depend on for our whole life, if we don’t the God will not save us. But the polytheist will never understand his thoughts because he believes in many gods and he thinks that all the gods exist at the same time. So that, he will start arguing with the monotheist guy that if there is only one god, then it doesn’t make sense, because every people in the world have different point of view of seeing the gods and gods exist to save us and help us in our lives. And many different human beings believe in many different gods, if there is only one god then the people who are believing in other gods have been a fool for there life believing in a not existing god. Therefore, there are many gods exist at the same time. So, in this case they have different view of seeing the existence of many gods, just like this, the belief of a person might bring different answers of course. ‘Do you think cell phones are needed for our lives? Why? ’ Let’s say that this question is given to an 80 years old man, 25 years boy girl, and 40 years old man. It looks like an easy question, but are all the answers will be the same? Of course not. The 80 years old man will say cell phones are not really important for his life, since he doesn’t usually come out from his house, and he doesn’t do any work so he has no one to contact publically. But 25 years old girl will say it is a major necessity of her life, because she needs to contact with her friends all the time and also her boy friend. She needs to contact her professors to ask them questions about her papers, and she needs to call her dad and mom every morning and afternoon. The 40 years old man will say it is really important, because he need it for his business. He needs to contact with his business partners and his boss all the time. And he also needs to bring it with him all the time for an emergency call from his company. As you can see, they have a totally different point of view of looking at the question and they have totally different answers. Some people in the world might have a same opinion in some cases, but not everyone on the earth can have a same opinion. To conclude, what I have discussed in this essay is very complicated thing. It depends on the person, the background and every minor thing around the person might have brought up very different point view of religions, life, and other things. Every single person has a different mind, and the mind bring different moral conclusions. Anyway, I strongly believe that every human being should have different thoughts, different minds, different moral conclusions, different point of view, and different beliefs. Every people look different outside, so we want to know what he thinks inside, and then we can conclude that every one is different inside. This tells us why the God has made us different outside, because if we are the same inside, then we don’t have to look different on the outside as well, so since we are different outside, God made us to have different morality inside. The religions affect us a lot, and I really think that religions are not necessary for our lives, it just disturbs our life and it make us to depend on it in every moment when we feel lonely, sad or happy.

Breast Cancer in Australian Women

Breast Cancer in Australian Women Breast cancer is most common cancer in Australian women. Breast cancer occurs when the cells lining the breast ducts or lobules grow abnormally and out of control.There are two common broad groups of breast cancers: Pre-invasive: where the cancer cells are still confined to the ducts or lobules of the breast.Invasive: this means the cancer has spread outside the ducts or lobules of the breast into the surrounding tissue. Breast screening is an important element in the response to breast cancer incidence in our communities. Some signs and symptoms to be aware of are: A lump, lumpiness or thickening of the breast tissueChanges to the nipple, such as a change in shape, crusting, a sore or ulcer, redness, unusual dischargeChanges to the skin of the breast, such as dimpling, unusual redness or other colour changesA change to the shape of the breast, including increase or decrease in sizeSwelling or discomfort in the armpitPersistent pain that is not related to your normal menstrual cycle TREATMENT OPTIONS Breast cancer treatment is often a multidisciplinary effort, involving: surgerychemotherapy andradiotherapyThere are different approaches available for all three treatment modalities in terms of technique, treatment regimens and prescriptions. Your team of specialists will discuss and recommend what is best suited for your diagnosis.As an example, for early stage breast cancer breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) followed by a course of chemotherapy and then external beam radiotherapy is a common and standard treatment approach.External Beam Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer Radiotherapy has a vital role in the management of breast cancer.It is used: In conjunction with surgery (either lumpectomy removal of the tumour itself, or mastectomy removal of the breast, including the tumour)Instead of surgery,In advanced cases of cancer for symptom control (palliation)In each of these scenarios the treatment program is individualised for the patient based on the surgery undertaken, and the pathology and disease staging test results. Sometimes only the breast (or chest) requires radiation and sometimes both the breast and any affected lymph nodes are treated.Routinely radiotherapy treatment is delivered using External Beam Radiotherapy, but brachytherapy is also a viable treatment option for certain patients. Your Radiation Oncologist is the best person to advise you on what treatment is required, how effective the therapy should be, and how the treatment will affect you. AVAILABLE SERVICES All of our Genesis Cancer Care centres are actively involved in breast cancer research and hold joint multidisciplinary clinics where patient cases are discussed by surgeons, radiation and medical oncologists so that optimal overall care and treatment planning can be achieved. These groups of specialist treatment physicians are also supported by pathologists and radiologists who provide important diagnosis reports and investigations.Our treatment centres, in addition to providing the highest quality treatment services make support care via breast nurses and counsellors readily available. Link to Quick Links